↑ Các hệ thống cưỡng bức lao động khác của Liên Xô không nằm trong Gulag bao gồm: (a) các trại cho tủ nhân chiến tranh bị Liên Xô bắt, do GUPVI quản lý (b) filtration camps created during World War II for temporary detention of Soviet Ostarbeiters and prisoners of war while they were being screened by the security organs in order to "filter out" the black sheep, (c) "special settlements" for internal exiles including "kulaks" and deported ethnic minorities, such as Volga Germans, Poles, Balts, Caucasians, Crimean Tartars, and others. During certain periods of Soviet history, each of them kept millions of people. Many hundreds of thousand were also sentenced to forced labour without imprisonment at their normal place of work (Applebaum, pages 579-580)
1 2 3 Getty, Rittersporn, Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence. The American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct., 1993), pp. 1017-1049
↑ Stephen Wheatcroft. "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930-45", Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 48, No. 8 (Dec., 1996), pp. 1319-1353
↑ Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1975). The Gulag Archipelago. Collins & Harvill Press. tr. Vol. 2, Part III, Chapter 2.
↑ Theo Conquest, giữa 1939 và 1953, tỷ lệ chết hàng năm tại các trại lao động là 10%, cao là 20% năm 1938. Robert Conquest trong cuốn "Victims of Stalinism: A Comment." Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 49, No. 7 (Nov., 1997), pp. 1317-1319 nói: "We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added 4-5 million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labour settlements'. However taken, these are surely 'high' figures."
↑ Szymanski, Albert Human Rights in the Soviet Union. London: Zed Books, 1984, p. 246
↑ Steven Rosefielde. Red Holocaust. Routledge, 2009. ISBN 0415777577 pg. 67 "...more complete archival data increases camp deaths by 19.4 percent to 1,258,537" ("nhiều dữ liệu lưu trữ đầy đủ cho biết số tử vong tăng hơn trong các trại bằng 19,4% bằng 1.258.537); pg 77: "The best archivally based estimate of Gulag excess deaths at present is 1.6 million from 1929 to 1953." ("Dữ liệu tốt nhất ước tính các trường hợp tử vong trong Gulag hiện nay là 1,6 triệu từ 1929 đến 1953")
↑ Applebaum, Anne (2003) Gulag: A History. Doubleday. ISBN 0767900561 pg 583: "both archives and memoirs indicate that it was common practice in many camps to release prisoners who were on the point of dying, thereby lowering camp death statistics."
↑ Zemskov, Gulag, Sociologičeskije issledovanija, 1991, No. 6, pp. 14-15
↑ Berger, Joseph. Nothing but the Truth. New York, John Day Co. 1971, p. 197
↑ Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-300-08760-8 p. 15
↑ Steven Rosefielde. Red Holocaust. Routledge, 2009. ISBN 0415777577 pg. 247: "They served as killing fields during much of the Stalin period, and as a vast pool of cheap labor for state projects."
↑ Life and Terror in Stalin's Russia, 1934-1941. New Haven: Yale University Press, c1996, p. 102-104
↑ Zu Lagerkrankheiten siehe Stark: Frauen im Gulag. Alltag und Überleben, S. 351–357. Zur Gefahr durch winterliches Sonnenlicht in Eis und Schnee Ivanova: Der Gulag im totalitären System der Sowjetunion, S. 110.
↑ Applebaum: Der Gulag, S. 250–256. Zum Fehlen beispielsweise von Ingenieuren siehe Gestwa: Die Stalinschen Großbauten des Kommunismus, S. 129, 148, 153, 401, 442 f.
↑ Szymanski, Albert. Human Rights in the Soviet Union. London: Zed Books, 1984, p. 228
↑ Getty & Naumov, The Road to Terror. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, c1999, p. 423
↑ Conquest, Robert. The Great Terror. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 266
↑ Davis, Jerome. New Russia. New York: Công ty John Day, c 1933, p. 221-229
↑ Khlevniuk, Oleg (2004). The History of the Gulag. New Haven: Yale University Press. tr. 55.
